Manage your Blog

Create your blog now! Easy and Free

What kind of conspiracy is this?

21/08/2007 GMT 1

民主决定品质

lianhuaxiaofo @ 10:13

民主决定品质
  ——对话耶鲁大学金融学教授陈志武
本刊记者 赵灵敏
  民主只是经济增长的变量之一
  《南风窗》(以下简称《南》):民主固然是一种崇高的价值理念,但它显然并不必然意味着经济的高效率和政治的稳定和清廉。事实上,很多国家的实践指向了相反的结果,至今世界上成功的民主国家仍只是少数,应该如何理解这种现象?
  陈志武(以下简称陈):关于经济增长跟民主的关系,的确有许多误解,也有不少逻辑上的错误。当你说“民主是国家长久持续增长、长治久安的保障”,他们就说,“印度不是有民主,但其经济增长不是远落后于中国吗?”或进一步说,“拉美国家早就搞民主,但其经济不是照样落后吗?”这么说的背后总存在一个假设,那就是“民主和法治是经济增长的充分条件”,或者“民主和法治是经济增长的充分与必要条件”,把经济看成是民主的单变量函数。否则,怎么会出现只要能举出一个经济失败的民主国家,就能否定民主对长久增长的重要性呢?
  我首先要强调没有人会相信“民主和法治是经济增长的充分条件”,没有人说“只要有民主,经济就会快速增长,就无忧无虑了”,难以相信把民主和法治制度搬到毫无人烟的沙漠王国上,那沙漠王国的经济就会自然快速增长了。民主和法治自身不创造收入,但它可让同样的勤劳创造更多的收入,或者是使同样多的收入只需付出更少的苦力,让社会事半功倍。中国的经济增长相当程度上是靠人们没日没夜地工作、不分周中周末地勤劳而挣出来的,是勤劳战胜制度障碍才有的,来得很辛苦。试想,如果制度成本能大大减少,如果每天为对冲制度障碍而需要勤劳的时间能减少几小时,那么,中国人同样多的勤劳所能创造的收入会高多少呢?
  经济增长是一个多变量函数,决定经济增长、经济产出的至少有以下四个要素:制度架构(或称制度资本),如产权保护、民主、法治等等;自然资源禀赋,如离海岸河流的远近、石油、各种矿产的储藏情况;劳动力,它的数量、成本、素质等;土地。这四大要素中的任何一项越多,该国的经济增长就可以快一些,收入就能多一些。同时,这四大要素互相之间又有替代性,一个经济体只要一个或几个要素非常突出,即使其它要素差一些,经济照样可以有很大的发展,人们的收入照样可以高。民主制度、法治制度只是其中的一个要素而已。
  例如中东国家、俄罗斯等都没有太多制度资本,劳动力也有限,但靠石油、天然气等资源他们也很富;香港、新加坡、日本、韩国则正好相反,没有什么自然资源,能源、矿产都靠进口,甚至连土地都极少,他们致富靠的是有利于市场交易的制度资本;美国几乎在所有四个要素中都突出,所以它的经济最厉害。
  中国的情况可以从三方面来理解。第一,有形的制度成本很高。众所周知,去年国家财政收入3.9万亿,占GDP的19.5%,虽然只比美国联邦财政收入占GDP的16%高出3个百分点,但美国政府财政开支的73%用于社会保障、医疗卫生、教育文化等公共产品,行政开支只占10%,而中国政府开支只有25.5%用于公共产品提供,行政开支却占了38%。因此,政府机构庞大,加上各级政府的奢侈办公楼、形象工程,这些浪费无法用在老百姓福利上,制度成本不低。
  第二是各类行政管制、审批,逼着企业、个体户、大小单位、个人、甚至大学教授,都去跑关系,“跑部钱进”和事事要审批迫使体制内外各色人等耗费青春,延误发展。
  第三是由于对契约权益、对私人产权保护不可靠,执法机构缺乏公信力,要么使许多创业和交易无法做,要么就交易成本特高,抑制民间创业倾向。
  为了对付这些制度成本和制度障碍,中国人只好每天多勤劳几小时,先为制度成本打工,然后才是为自己的收入工作。这就是为什么中国人一年的工作时间在全世界属最高之列,平均大约为2200小时。其它国家中,阿根廷一年人均工作1903小时,巴西人工作1841小时,日本人1758小时,美国人 1610小时,英国人1489小时,而荷兰人工作得最少,一年才1389小时;但是,跟这些国家比,中国的人均收入却最低。或许拉美人的确不如中国人勤劳,但是,由于他们的制度成本较中国低,虽然每天工作的时间比中国短,他们的人均收入照样比中国高。
只要中国人比任何其它国家更愿意勤劳、更愿意干苦力活,那当然是有没有民主、法治,中国经济照样能利用经济全球化获得增长。但,如果我们想生活质量高一些并有更多时间跟家人在一起,那么就必须降低制度成本。所以,勤劳决定碗里是否有饭吃,而民主和法治决定生活品质,决定是否能付出更少的勤劳但照样能增加收入

佛谒一首

lianhuaxiaofo @ 10:09

手把青秧插满田。
低头便见水中天。
身心清静方为道,
退步原来是向前.

This is a funny morning.

lianhuaxiaofo @ 10:08

I was awakened by some big noise this morning. They made a big noise by transmiting the sound of a big construciton site to my window. Or maybe they just play some record. Their excuse is that I play my TV with a relatively lound volum. hehe. That is really absolutely radiculou. Actually whenever I turn on any electronic appliance with some sound like ventiliting fan in cooking room, HiFi or TV, even with the lowest volome, they will make sound like hittting the wall or make the sounds like a big hit. This is the same in four homes of this family. But only I will turn the volume up to versus them. Actually I know the reason. Every room is taped, ie. the beasts install microphone in every room. Whatever sound that made in the room will be lousy to them and cause difficulties in listening what we say clearly.
Can you just imagine what kind of beasts they are?
They install some microphone in our room illegally and forbiden us from any amusing sound.
And they will tell everybody in the building how I disturb their normal life by the sound so that everybody hates me.
This is the mean animal you can never imagine. When I go out of my home and then oftenly i can hear louder sound from their house. They can do whatever they want.

My little son had to go to the hospital last night. 昨晚我儿子被迫去医院

lianhuaxiaofo @ 10:04

Last night, I was told that my son got a quite painful feeling in his ear. He was with his mother and his mother took him to the hospital. The doctor could not check out what kind of illness it was. But I can without check anything. It was the cheap beasts who did it since it is such kind of feeling I have got for over ten years. Ear, belly, hand or head, wherever they want to do it on our body. I was just now working with an extremely painfull feeling with my own ear. But I just did not care now. Normally I can fight back by making some other part of my body some feeling of pain. That will stop them for sure. Now I just don't want to waste my time in this kind of meaningless thing. I would like to focus on what I am doing. This is just some kind of disturbance, and actually doesn't cause any physical problem. I will teach my son about this when he is back to me. They did this to him just want to cause some kind of depress in his mood or some psychological problem to him. They ever did this to the other kids of the family. What kind of shameless beasts they are.
昨晚,我儿子的耳朵非常痛,痛到不得不让他妈妈带到医院去看病。结果医生也没能诊断出具体是甚么病,但其实我能,根本不需要做任何检查。因为十多年了,我对这类的痛感太熟悉了,这毫无疑问是贱狗所为。只要他们想,可以在对象的任何部位制造出痛感,耳朵、手臂、大腿、肚子之类的。就象我的腰一样,十多年花了我无数金钱、时间医治,结果我最后发现根本就是虚造出来的。我儿子回来后,我会教导他怎样去应付这些无耻下流的贱狗。至于我自己,根本就懒得理他们了。这类太无聊的事情,我已经不愿意花费我的时间和精力了

I have been blocked from two of my blogs for a month.

lianhuaxiaofo @ 09:59

I have been blocked from entering two of my blogs for a month, which are blog in my.opera.com and google. I understand that those blogs still exist, I am just blocked. Maybe it is some IP filter on the server or somewhere. And I also know the reason why they want to block me from those blogs. I can see that quite some coments are listed in the blogs, These are done by their people. I can't view those comments but I know they must be telling a lots of bed words about the blogs or myself. If I can enter them, I will sure delete their nonsence at once. So now they are there. But I care for nothing since it is a trade off. If they input plenty of comments there, that will cause more attention and web flow. They maybe be doing advertisement for me. And also the readers are not stupid enought to believe just as they say. They can tell the truth by theirselves. To my surprise, they succeeded in incerting quite some hyperlinks in my articles. When I check the source code I found all. Then I also succeeded in deleting them, with all their working to stop me.

可以自动翻译的网页 The translation can be done automatically in this add

lianhuaxiaofo @ 09:57

http://translate.google.com/translate_t?langpair=en|zh-CN;
Some friends told me that they have quite some difficulties in reading those articles in English. So I found this address. You copy the words in it, the translation is done for you. I check the translated words, it is OK for understanding.
有些朋友告诉我说那些用英语写的文章比较难读懂,抱歉得很。于是我找到这个网址,只要把文章填进去,译文就自动出来了。我读过了,文字还算通顺

备用博客

lianhuaxiaofo @ 09:56

http://friendfinder.com/blog/sidney_sheldon/index.html?m=14327386_54393&oid=14327386_54393

梁启超谈佛

lianhuaxiaofo @ 09:53

甚矣!人性之薄弱也。孔子曰:“知及之,仁不能守之,若是者比比然矣。”故佛之说教也,曰“大雄”、曰“大无畏”、曰“奋迅”、曰“勇猛”、曰“威力”。括此数议而取象于狮子。夫人之功以有畏者,何也?畏莫大于生死,有宗教思想者,则知其所谓死。死者死吾体魄中之铁若余金类、木类、炭、小粉、糖、盐水若余杂质气质而已。而吾自有不死者存,曰灵魂。既常有不死者存,则死吾奚畏。死且不畏,余更何有?故真有得于大宗教、良宗教之思想者,未有不震动奋励而雄强刚猛者也。若哲学家则不然,其用算学也极精,其用名学也极精,目前利害,剖析毫厘。夫天下安有纯利而无害之事,千钧之机,阁必一沙,则不能动焉。哲学家往往持此说,三想四想五六想,而天下无一可办之事矣。故曰:无宗教思想则无魄力.
摘自《宗教家与哲学家之长短得失》

新的备用博客

lianhuaxiaofo @ 09:49

http://www.geocities.com/steve_zhang80/

岁寒三友

lianhuaxiaofo @ 09:24

岁寒三友者,松、竹、梅是也。取其经冬不凋,愈寒而生机勃发也。

竹有三德,虚心、有节、正直。自古以来,为读书人自况之对象,君子之物也。郑板桥有:“宁可食无肉,不可居无竹“之谓。君子之居也,岂可无竹?

寒梅数点,傲雪而立。有琴玉踏雪而寻之雅,有林和靖妻之之逸。朔风寒冰,不足畏惧。放翁曰:”零落成泥碾作尘,只有香如故。“

松者,苍郁其貌,纤细其针。善负重,为栋梁之材。奇松首推黄山,往往孤悬万丈高崖,而矫夭若友龙,似将翻云而去,不知所踪。
此三友者,冲风冒雪,傲然挺立,其不知严寒为何物也。

我辈何如?亦当如是.

Archive | Create your blog now! Easy and Free